Clinical

Aim: Global pandemics have been there since 3000 B.C. The response to pandemics has always brought with its serious consequences. In this paper, we aim to draw critical lessons derived from the recent novel COVID-19 pandemic and how they can be implemented to bring change in the global climate scene. Methods: The research was primarily based on the published journals and research papers done in response to the COVID-19 global pandemic and the mitigation measures taken. Following an analytical approach to this issue, there was an in-depth look into the statistics of the global impact of climate change and how COVID-19 has a similarity to it. Results: From the 4 major studies that the paper takes a deeper look into, there is the realization of the need for cohesive management of global pandemics. There is enough evidence from COVID-19 that delay can be costly and that the digitization of technological systems used to combat these global issues is very important. Conclusion: Based on the inferences established from the paper, there is a cohesive need to integrate all facets of national matters regarding pandemics and global issues. It is only through this that national matters can be addressed and bring an impact in the long term. The paper provides the backbone from which further research may be conducted in the mitigation of climate change issues.


Introduction
COVID-19 is a global pandemic that has brought with it many unexpected impacts to the economies, environment, and other facets of life. Among the several studies surveyed from this paper, there is the issue of digitization, the lesson that delay is costly, action to policies required, and a comparison between these two global issues. As per [1], the need for digitization has sparked the reason to study how education needs to adapt to the process. Bringing the digital process to schools is a big step to breaking the barriers of accessible information and knowledge to students which therefore leads to the dissemination of information to the right channels and an informed society as well. 1 University of Salford, MSc Biomedical Science, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom The amount of data flowing to the right channels is moving at a bigger rate as compared to the 2003 pandemic, all thanks to machine learning [2].
The issue of the response time to global issues remains a concern. The greatest lesson to draw from COVID-19 is the fact that delay can be costly [3]. At the same time, it is also evident that the determination and early action to a pandemic are difficult [4]. In most cases, as learned from COVID-19, government institutions and other agencies tend to ignore the full impact of pandemics and other crisis which ends up being more catastrophic than expected. Governments are in a better position when they accept the position which their climate change is in to be able to adopt policies to bring a change to it [5]. To avoid the delays that come with the action to mitigate global issues, there is the need for cooperation of the different nations worldwide [6].
The effects of climate change that we are currently experiencing are the effects of habits and changes that have occurred over the past years on our watch. For instance, the energy consumption levels determine a lot about climate change [7]. The national response to the COVID-19 pandemic mostly reveals that the societies we live in have the nature of enforcing implementation a bit too late in the face of a current crisis [8]. The worst is that the effects of the crisis, currently COVID-19 and climate change, are evidently witnessed but there is still a delay in policy implementation [9]. Policymakers need to take a quick decision now and act in the impending danger of climate change [10]. Political stance has a big part to play in all this as the cost implications are very high when policies are designed and implemented very late. Policymakers will normally have the best interests in their professional field. They will, although require support from the government and the public in implementing these policies [11].

Methods
Information was obtained from relevant and credible sources like journals. There was the utilization of PubMed, Google Scholar, Springer, and OECD among others. Such information gave us peerreviewed content which was used in the further analysis of information on the aforementioned topic. Most of these sources have content containing research that dates from 2020 to early 2021. This review was further developed from a deep search of the web for relevant sources without minding the setting of the individual journals, but focusing on the impact of COVID-19 to the immediate effect it has had on the perspective of climate change policies. There was an analysis of the statistics from a few observations and the impact of these statistics. From the major sources, we also got some credible figures in the form of graphs to try and explain and present data in an organized way without altering the original meaning of the obtained data. We also structured the analysis of this data into a comparable form to analyze climate change with COVID-19 lessons. This was to draw any differences and similarities and be in a better position to deal with any consequences of climate change thereafter.
From a technological perspective, we also aimed at finding out from credible sources how the digital world has brought about a change in response to COVID-19 and how that affects climate change. Using web Halim  search, there was a need to find out how policymakers are interacting with the government and the impact of that on climate change amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.

Results
In the U.S, from the time there was the first case of COVID-19, in the next four days, there were 17,438 cases and 362 confirmed deaths [15][16][17]. In China, where the virus is believed to have originated from, after the cases in the U.S, there was a viral spreading of the same infecting 34,546 people and at this particular time, there were 720 people dead world wide [18]. We have seen how the numbers have played out in the recent past. An increase in the numbers day by day has been going on despite the discoveries and medical inventions. There was also a look at the policy reform from the government from a population of citizens.
From Figure 1 [12], a good portion of 75% of the citizen seemed to support the government in the reforms made to combat and fight COVID-19. Another 58% seemed to find the importance of coming up with groups and levels in the government to ensure a smooth relaying of policies to the masses. A further 52% agreed to the provision of incentives for programs that have grown because of COVID-19. 48% of the sample population agreed to the idea of a continuous consultation to the coming up with regulative measures. In a way to also engage other stakeholders and prevent so much pressure on the national government, another 42% saw the need of decentralizing some roles to the subnational institutions.   From Fig. 4 [3], there is an analysis of the marked similarities and differences between COVID-19 and climate change as a global issue. There is also a display of the lessons, and recommended policies for each of the global pandemics.

Figure 4:
A comparison between COVID-19 and climate change and the policy reforms for climate change to be implemented. The detailed illustration shows the lessons from the two global issues and outlines the differences, similarities, and implementation that is necessary for the two [3].

Discussion
Digitization has become a very pertinent issue among us [19]. With the high numbers of COVID-19 patients rising, there has been an awareness of the impact of climate change as well which has not ended simply because of the apparent pandemic. The spread of information and a mode of constant updates has become so important and the same has to be considered for climate change. From (Figure 4), there is a very critical comparison of COVID-19 and climate change which draws out the lessons governments and citizens have to learn to make future changes. Some similarities can be seen in the delayed action of either which brings about increased costs of containing these global issues [20]. There is a need to have the public involved as well to gain the maximum impact of the measures imposed [21]. Climate change has affected the world at large and we have experienced the same for COVID-19. For that reason, there is the need for a collaborative approach in dealing with climate change in the same way that COVID-19 is being dealt with.
From the time when COVID-19 came into the world, life has greatly changed globally. People's lifestyle and government policies have greatly affected climate issues temporarily. When COVID-19 was declared a pandemic, the world changed its focus from climate to working out this global pandemic which caught the world unaware. Although both the pandemic and the climate share several similarities, they were both unexpected, they are both a result of human activities which have resulted to human degradation and have both led to deaths that were unpreventable [22]. However, if proper actions are taken governments around the world have an opportunity to make the world better place again, with desirable climate, economics and health status. During the pandemic period the climate has changed positively, the emission of carbon dioxide which was rising by 1% annually has drastically reduced [23]. The change in carbon dioxide emission is due to the fact that people stayed indoors which means few vehicles were operating. Additionally, there were several factories that were closed which were also emitting a lot of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere [23]. Although, governments are not much concerned with climate changes, it turned out positive by restricting people activities to curb the spread of the COVID-19. The state is however predicted to change if people get back to their normal activities soon. Policy makers are there expected to come up with a way to deal with both the climate and the pandemic.
During both occurrences it is noted that the poorest communities are more vulnerable and are highly affected. They have affected both physical and mental health. As ways are made on how to deal with the pandemic, policy makers should not forget the climate to protect the public health wellness and wellbeing.
The governments made several measures to curb the spread of this pandemic. Organizations such as World Health Organization (WHO) have also been working tirelessly to come up with a cure or vaccine of the Covid-19. The initial measures of wearing face masks, social distancing and sanitizing are not enough to help end the pandemic. Researchers around the world started the study of the virus. It was first established that the virus was zoonotic. Further studies were also done to understand the structure and develop a virus to counter the spread and the infections caused by the virus.
Researchers have developed several vaccines, however, the vaccine which was more efficient was established to be the, mRNA vaccine [24]. The vaccines were established to have 95% efficacy by randomized testing. Researchers says that this is only the beginning more work is being done to improve the vaccines to become 100% efficient.
Study explains that Covid-19 is caused by a severe acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) that attacks the lungs. This is why many patients have breathing difficulties. The several drugs that are suggested to manage the virus including, Remdesivir (RDV), Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine, and Lopinavir/Ritonavir. Research shows that RDV is the most efficient [25]. Hydroxychloroquine can also be useful but it have side effects especially to patients with cardiovascular complications this makes its usefulness limited in managing the corona virus.
Another concept that is being considered to reduce the Covid-19 virus is known as Herd Immunity. Herd immunity decreases the rate at which an illness is spread, it can be achieved either naturally or vaccinating a person after healing from an infection [26]. Several tests done using antibodies to fight the covid-19 virus have not shown positive resultsyet. Further studies are being conducted to come up with a way to fight the virus using this concept.
The observed differences on the other hand are the timescales of the pandemic and that of climate change, the impact of the damages, and the mode of planning for the two. While COVID-19 effects are far more lethal and quicker to manifest themselves, climate change is here to stay and its effect are sure to be experienced even Halim  millenniums to come [27]. There is a need to focus on climate change at a global level as the impact it will have can be experienced in the global warming we are currently experiencing for instance [28]. It is quite clear that the damage from climate changes may not manifest directly like that of COVID-19, and that calls for an even more mature way of dealing with it as it is slowly eating away the earth cover [29]. COVID-19 has made governments and policymakers alike realize that the impact of a pandemic is far more than medical discoveries can deal with [30]. This has led to serious scrutiny of the level of preparedness we have towards pandemics. While the battle has been to deal with the pandemic, the underlying effect of climate has become a very important aspect to look into as well. Considering the timescale which is attached to climate, there is enough time to come up with frameworks and strategies to battle climate change. That is however dependent on how immediate the action shall be taken.
Below is Table 1 which shows a summary of the lessons that can be drawn from COVID-19 and the relevant actions that can be implemented to climate change. Some similarities have made it more significant to have these lessons implemented as action plans for climate change. Policymakers need to strategize on the necessary and long-term plans for climate changes that should be implemented [11]. Digitization leads to quicker and efficient modes of communication [1] There is an urgent need to continue researching the best technological advancements to aid in data collection and reporting continuously [6].
Mass empowerment (21) The need to involve citizens in the climate change forum is unavoidable. For the full effect of the made policies, citizens have to be involved so that implementation and the effects that come with it are long-lived [12].

Conclusion
Considering the issues that the globe is experiencing due to climate change, there is of urgent importance to come up with solid plans to mitigate the catastrophic effects of this global issue. Our contribution to the field of global issues and climate change, in particular, is the pinpointing of the lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic to implement them as policies and have them as a backbone towards fighting climate change. Future research may further be developed to assess the accuracy in the impact of climate change in terms of a particular time range and how the change in the tome scale when mitigation measures are taken.

Conflicts of interest
The authors do not have any conflicts of interest to declare and certify that this submission is original and is not under review at any other journals.